According to contemporary science, the cosmic microwave background (CMB, CMBR), or relic radiation, is microwave radiation that fills all space in the observable universe. The background space between stars and galaxies is almost completely dark with a standard optical telescope. However, a sufficiently sensitive radio telescope detects a faint background glow that is almost uniform and is not associated with any star, galaxy, or other object. This glow is strongest in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The accidental discovery of the CMB in 1965 by American radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson was the culmination of work initiated in the 1940s.
The scientists believe that as the universe expanded, adiabatic cooling caused the energy density of the plasma to decrease until it became favorable for electrons to combine with protons, forming hydrogen atoms. This recombination event happened when the temperature was around 3000 K or when the universe was approximately 379,000 years old. As photons did not interact with these electrically neutral atoms, the former began to travel freely through space, resulting in the decoupling of matter and radiation, which is not the correct explanation.
The electron is the most fundamental particle of lepton matter. The universe (the electron-positron vacuum in the universe or space) is its biggest symmetrical object and image. According to the famous English physicist Paul Dirac, space is not an absolute emptiness but an electron-positron vacuum in which all negative energy levels are free. There is no way in which the electrons of a negative energy could signal their presence; they do not interact with a substance. If, in some way, energy E > 2 x me x c2 could be transmitted to a given electron from the vacuum, then that electron would be transformed into an electron with positive energy, and its behavior would be that of a particle with a positive mass and negative electrical charge. In other words, the energy transmitted to the electron from the vacuum is transformed into the mass of a normal electron. This electron moves through the vacuum with a velocity / Ve / < / VP/ ≈ / c /. This is “relict motion” velocity with regard to the vacuum, and it is estimated as a violation of the isotropic nature of space in terms of the relict cosmic background. The value of this velocity is related to the electrical charge value of the electron:
The same velocity is acquired during the direct measurement of the red Doppler shifting in the spectrum of the relict background emission.
Let’s look again into the quantum borders around our Orderd World in Fig. 1 to explain the nature of the relict velocity. If we remember from previous discussions, the quantum border Rkp is the matter formation border where the proton universe is created. The border Pp,v is the bottom border below which the material objects consisting of a proton (nucleon) matter cannot possess a greater volume density due to their dimensions. The top border Rg,p limits the Ordered world by the balance between the gravitational and electromagnetic forces. The RH is the highest borderline that limits the existence of the biggest galaxy formations (composites of smaller cosmic objects) in the universe.
Fig. 1
The cross point of Rkp и Rgp ILp1 or 𝜆Lp1 is critical in The Zone of the Ordered World. This point is this zone’s remotest (to the left) point. To the right of this point, Proton Matter material objects are “normal” – they have one individual face and behave normally with all representatives of the world of the Proton Matter Universe. However, something unusual happens to the left of this point: Proton Matter material objects “split” into two-face objects with faces along Rh,p, and Rg,p. Energy EL𝜆 represents a quantum minimum free energy radiated by all Proton Matter material objects in the universe. We simply call background or relict radiation.
This energy comes from “nowhere” – it represents a free quantum gift of Mother Nature. Its corresponding temperature, T𝜆, is the average temperature of the “black body” of the Proton Matter Universe or the temperature of the so-called “background radiation” of the universe. This is the secret of this “relict” (wrong term) radiation! Also, the material objects consisting of a proton (nucleon) matter thus cannot possess a volume density greater than that of the proton, Rp,v, with one of their finite dimensions.
Fig. 2
Normally, the atomic nuclei (to the right of point ILp or aP) observe the quantum spatial dimension Rh,p (proton volemic nuclear density) and appear to fall within the quantum boundary Rc,p because they lose their individuality. Yet the high-energy nuclei try to “swell.” The determining quantum spatial Rh dimension “severs” itself from Rh,p and approaches Rc,p (Fig. 2)
The relict background radiation, or the persisting, residual emission of celestial bodies presumably “leftover” from the energy of the Big Bang, also reflects the order of quantum boundaries. The tangential motion velocity of electron matter with regard to proton matter is urel. Actually, this motion is the motion velocity of the electron space-vacuum with regard to the compressed nucleon matter or the substance.
What are the phenomena in which (besides the different mass of the proton and electron) the relative motion of the two types of matter manifests itself? The answer is in the presence of an intensive isotropic cosmic background of electromagnetic emission called “relict emission.” It is wrong to regard the relict emission as an electromagnetic activity that was born in the first stages of the existence of the expanding universe but has now “cooled off’ to 2.7 °K.
The relict velocity value k1,e times is lower than that of the velocity of light:
But u’rel manifests as urel/𝜋 (or a relationship corresponding to the galaxy’s age).
Indeed, such a motion has been measured on the earth regarding the relict background, with a velocity of 4×107cm/s. The relict emission shifting of the spectrum lines is Z = 1,000.
An interesting fact is that nature’s fundamental constants, “e” (quantum electrical charge) and “h” (quantum moment of momentum), both related to proton and electron matter, form a combination, the established velocity of which is:
What is the source, after all, of the relict emission, and why is its temperature 2.7 °K? The universe is not an emptiness but a single and constant medium, sustaining a steady temperature of 2.7 °K. Like any heated object, the space continuum has electromagnetic emission, which is the so-called relict background of the universe.
If the Big Bang theory is correct and if the mass-energy transformation in any kind of nuclear reaction obeys a basic law of symmetry, then today, there should not be any substance in the universe at all. At the beginning of its existence, just after the Big Bang explosion, the universe was filled only with energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation (photons) at a very high temperature. In these extreme conditions, the energy can be converted into pairs of particles: an electron and a positron, a proton and an antiproton, a neutron and an antineutron, etc.
But in the closed and much smaller universe, every particle self-annihilates in a burst of energy. That means that the universe should be full of energy but contain no matter at all. This scenario of the early universe cannot explain the present stage of the universe’s evolution; we know the universe is filled with substances (electrons and nucleons) and uniform electromagnetic radiation- the so-called relict background radiation.
The temperature of this radiation is about 3 °K, corresponding to 488 relict photons/cm3 of space. The average density of nucleons is about one nucleon in every 10 million cm3 of space throughout the universe. Therefore, roughly for every nucleon in the universe, there are a billion relict photons.
Scientists suggest that in the Big Bang itself, there existed some asymmetry in the production of matter and antimatter: for every billion antinucleons, there were a billion and one nucleons. The surplus nucleon corresponds to one billion relict photons created by annihilating nucleons and antinucleons. This hypothesis, proposed first by the famous Soviet scientist A. Sakharov, however, is pure speculation. The real cause of relict background radiation’s existence is the matter’s dual nature. Let us remember the model of the electron, the most fundamental elementary particle in the universe (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3
The number of electrons in the universe is just equal to the number of protons, or strictly speaking, to the number of nucleons because the neutron is in fact composed of the proton and electron. The space between two material particles is not just an empty geometric volume but a material medium, an electron-positron vacuum. The electron creates a space around itself, an electron-positron vacuum whose spatial dimension 𝜆e is much bigger than its spatial dimension Re. With a certain probability, the electron could occupy any quanta spatial cell of this volume. The electron is real (can be detected during its existence) only if its energy is higher than the minimal quantum energy Ee= me x c2. Actual electrons radiate photons as a heated “black body.”
The number of minimal quanta spatial cells in the electron-positron vacuum created by a single electron is:
Every quantum spatial cell contains only one electron-positron pair. The electron and the positron cannot coexist in the cell; they self-annihilate, leaving one photon. This photon is the mysterious relict photon. Relict neutrinos could also be created with much less probability for this very low temperature ( ~3 °K). It is very hard to detect the relict neutrino background.
Our space is three-dimensional. Therefore, the number of relict photons corresponding to one electron is:
In such a way, we proved that for every electron (or nucleon) in the universe, there are, in round terms, a billion (109) relict photons. Numerous measurements prove this ratio (1:109). How about the temperature of relict background radiation? The energy of the electron at rest is (Fig. 3c):
However, the electron could have this temperature if it is concentrated only in its volume, which is limited by spatial dimension Re (Fig. 3d). Because of Planck’s constant “h,” the electron expands its volume (Ae). As a result of this expansion, the temperature of the electron decreases 0.6383 X 109 times. This low temperature is the temperature of relict photons:
Recent very accurate measurements by the American Satellite COBE have determined this temperature to be 2.735 °K.
Заключение
Astronomical observations such as the red shift in the spectra of galaxies, relict background radiation of the universe, acceleration of the universe’s expansion, and other large-scale cosmic effects seem to provide evidence for a non-stationary model of the universe. Such a wrong conclusion could be drawn only by modern official scientists who cannot shake off entirely the old, outdated principles of classical physics. The carrier of information on the distancing of two material objects in the universe (our planet and some distant galaxy, for example) is the quanta electromagnetic emission – the photon. Space is a contradictory unit of two opposites: continual and discontinuous (quantum). On the other hand, acceleration and velocity, which are related to minimum quantum spatial dimension, are also quanta. Moreover, in our universe (built up by matter and not by anti-matter), the signs of this minimum quantum acceleration and minimum quantum velocity are always positive.
