The Birth of Quantum Physics and The Second Coming

The Spark of a Scientific Revolution

Everything started in the 1890s in Berlin when Edison’s new invention, the lightbulb, garnered significant interest in the newly unified and industrial-hungry Germany. Soon, engineers realized they could make fortunes by illuminating the streets of the German Empire. However, they didn’t know that this seemingly simple invention would soon pull scientists into a profound mystery and ignite the spark of a scientific revolution.

The Ultraviolet Catastrophe and Planck’s Breakthrough

It was known that filaments emitted light when heated by electricity, but the exact way they produced light and the physical principles underlying this process remained a mystery. This marked the beginning of the question that laid the foundation for the birth of quantum mechanics. The relationship between the temperature of a filament and the color of the light it emits held crucial clues about the fundamental nature of the universe. Classical physics theories predicted that objects at high temperatures would emit infinite high-energy light. However, experimental data contradicted these predictions. This contradiction became known as the ultraviolet catastrophe.

The German government established a research center in Berlin named the Imperial Physical and Technical Institute. In 1900, a brilliant mind, Max Planck, was appointed to lead the Institute’s work. When Planck pursued what seemed like a simple question, he found that the laws of classical physics were inadequate to explain this phenomenon. A new paradigm was needed to understand the nature of light and energy. This quest led to the revolutionary idea that energy is emitted in discrete packets, quanta. Planck’s groundbreaking concept laid the foundation for quantum mechanics, radically transforming our understanding of the universe. 

To solve the ultraviolet catastrophe, Max Planck took the first steps toward one of the most profound revolutions in 20th-century physics. He discovered a definitive relationship between the frequency of light and its energy, a strange mathematical connection that shaped the world of particles and waves. However, Planck did not fully grasp the profound meaning of this relationship. But things were about to get even stranger.

Einstein’s Radical Light Particles

A historical illustration showing max planck in a 1900 berlin laboratory discovering the quantum concept with glowing light filaments, transitioning into albert einstein proposing the photoelectric effect. Use warm lighting, classical lab instruments, and a subtle artistic glow to suggest scientific revelation.Solving this puzzle required someone to think beyond the ordinary. In 1905, Albert Einstein proposed a revolutionary theory to explain the photoelectric effect, challenging traditional views about light. At the time, light was widely accepted to be a wave. However, Einstein presented a radical perspective that required us to imagine light as a stream of small, energy-loaded particles. Einstein called these light particles quanta. A quantum was a specific packet of energy. While the term itself was not new, the idea that light consisted of such quanta seemed almost unbelievable to many at the time. Following this radical idea to its logical conclusion offered a simple and elegant solution to the mysteries of light.

Einstein’s elegant approach also helped resolve Planck’s dilemma regarding the puzzle of radiant bodies. Ultraviolet light is less abundant than red light because it requires significantly more energy, about 100 times more, to produce ultraviolet quanta. Thus, high-frequency light consists of rarer but more energetic quanta.

The Rise of Modern Physics

This moment at the dawn of the 20th century marked the beginning of a true revolution. Physics, as applied since Newton, Laplace, and others, was shown to require a completely new approach. From that point forward, physics changed irreversibly, and modern physics truly began here. However, Einstein’s theory left physicists with a dizzying paradox that defied all intuition. Could light be both a wave and a particle? This duality opened the doors to the mysterious and mesmerizing world of quantum mechanics.

Rutherford and the Atomic Nucleus

By 1911, a scientist named Ernest Rutherford was preparing an experiment to unveil the mysteries of the atom’s internal structure. Rutherford realized that the atom was far more complex than previously thought. To make this discovery, he directed positively charged alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold foil. According to the prevailing view, these particles should have passed almost straight through the foil, as the atom was believed to have a homogeneous structure.

However, something unexpected happened in Rutherford’s experiment. While most of the alpha particles did indeed pass through the foil, some of them bounced back as if they had struck an invisible wall. This observation left Rutherford deeply astonished. Could an atom have a powerful core to deflect the alpha particles passing through it? A tiny but immensely dense positive charge concentration existed at the atom’s center. This discovery led to the idea that the atom’s heart lies in a very thick and small structure known as the nucleus.

Bohr’s Quantized Orbits

In 1913, Bohr began developing a new atomic model, inspired by the quantum theories of Einstein and Planck. Max Planck had proposed that energy was emitted in discrete packets, such as quanta. Einstein had then used this idea to explain the photoelectric effect, suggesting that light carried energy in such packets. Bohr applied these groundbreaking ideas to the inner workings of the atom and introduced a revolutionary approach to the behavior of electrons. 

Bohr’s model predicted that electrons could not exist in arbitrary orbits but in specific, quantized orbits corresponding to certain energy levels. Electrons would not lose energy while moving in these special orbits. However, when transitioning from one energy level to another, they emit or absorb a specific amount of energy. This was the critical innovation of Bohr’s atomic model.

De Broglie’s Matter Waves and Wave-Particle Duality

In 1924, a young French physicist, Louis de Broglie, proposed a hypothesis to challenge this question. At the time, there was a focus on the fact that light could behave either as a particle or a wave, depending on the experiment. But Louis de Broglie asked a different question. What about electrons? If light sometimes behaved like a wave and sometimes like a particle, perhaps electrons, thought to be particles, could also behave like waves. In other words, maybe electrons had a wavelength associated with them.

An abstract scientific illustration of the double-slit experiment with electrons: interference patterns on a screen, waveforms, and particle tracks. Include subtle overlay of de broglie’s face and equation, with electrons moving in waves.De Broglie suggested that the wavelength associated with matter could be calculated by dividing Planck’s constant by the momentum of that matter. For example, an electron’s wavelength could be calculated this way. But why Planck’s constant? Planck’s constant is a fixed value in various experiments, such as the photoelectric effect and blackbody radiation: 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ joule-seconds.

Around the same period, the double-slit experiment also played an essential role in demonstrating the wave-particle duality of electrons. When light passed through a double slit, it created interference patterns, revealing its wave nature. A similar experiment with electrons produced the same results. When electrons passed through a double slit, interference patterns appeared on the screen. Remarkably, even when electrons were sent one at a time, the accumulated data still formed interference patterns. This showed that the wave functions of electrons passed through both slits and interfered with themselves.

Heisenberg’s Matrix Mechanics and Schrodinger’s Waves

It became increasingly clear that classical physics did not explain the subatomic world. In 1925, recognizing this limitation, Werner Heisenberg adopted a radical approach by focusing only on directly observable quantities, rather than unobservable orbits and exact positions. This new perspective led to the birth of matrix mechanics, the first consistent mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics.

Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics was a significant step in understanding the complex and mysterious nature of the quantum world. However, this abstract and mathematically intense approach was not intuitive for many. Austrian physicist Erwin Schrodinger, who wanted a more visual, wave-based perspective on the depths of the universe, decided to take a different approach. In 1926, Schrodinger developed a theory that would radically alter our view of quantum mechanics, wave mechanics.

Schrodinger argued that particles did not merely exist at a single point, but also spread across space like actual physical waves. According to him, electrons and other subatomic particles were not located at a single position, but existed as real waves spread out in space. This meant that the behavior of particles could be described by a mathematical construct called a wave function. The wave function represents the spatial distribution and time evolution of a particle. In Schrodinger’s approach, this wave function had physical reality. It demonstrated that particles existed as waves in space.

However, in the same year, Max Born suggested that the wave function should be interpreted not as a physical wave, but as a probability amplitude that gives the likelihood of finding a particle at a particular location. This interpretation laid the foundation for the Copenhagen

Interpretation embraces the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics and asserts that the absolute square of the wave function gives the probability density. Schrödinger strongly opposed the probabilistic interpretation and the notion that the wave function was merely a probability wave.

The Copenhagen Interpretation and the Uncertainty Principle

A conceptual illustration of niels bohr and werner heisenberg in a debate surrounded by floating quantum equations, wave functions, and probability clouds. Include a visual metaphor for uncertainty (e. G. , blurred particles, split paths).In 1927, one of the most intense debates in intellectual history took place in Copenhagen. Danish physicist Niels Bohr and his young colleague Werner Heisenberg came together to understand the mysterious nature of the quantum universe. This profound exchange of ideas at Bohr’s institute resulted in a revolutionary approach to quantum reality, the Copenhagen interpretation. The Copenhagen interpretation challenged the classical concept of definite reality by introducing a new understanding in which probabilities in the quantum realm replaced certainties.

One of the key pillars of this quantum understanding is Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. This principle states that it is impossible to simultaneously know a particle’s exact position and momentum, the product of mass and velocity, with perfect accuracy. At the quantum level, the more precisely one property of a particle is measured, the more uncertain the other becomes.

Quantum Entanglement and the EPR Paradox 

In 1935, along with Nathan Rosen and Boris Podolsky, Einstein developed the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox to demonstrate what he saw as the incompleteness of quantum mechanics. The EPR paradox embodied Einstein’s belief that there must be something more profound in the workings of nature. At the heart of this debate was a fascinating phenomenon known as quantum entanglement. Entanglement describes the unique and mysterious bond between two particles created simultaneously and identically. Regardless of their distance, measuring one particle’s state instantly influences the other’s state. 

The Shift Toward Application: From Theory to Technology

By the late 1930s, as the world stood on the brink of war, this debate reached a temporary impasse. Physicists, engaged in their struggle to uncover nature’s most profound mysteries, were compelled to focus on the more immediate needs of humanity and the war effort. Many scientists emigrated to the United States, and in the post-war period, quantum theory made rapid advancements in technological applications. The philosophical debates surrounding the theory’s foundations were temporarily set aside.

Dirac’s Equation and the Discovery of Antimatter

In 1928, English physicist Paul Dirac set out to develop an equation that would unify quantum mechanics with Einstein’s theory of special relativity. At that time, the Schrödinger equation formed the foundation of quantum mechanics, but it did not fully explain the behavior of particles moving at relativistic speeds. Dirac aimed to describe the motion of electrons within a relativistic framework, striving for a deeper understanding of the subatomic world. The result of Dirac’s intense efforts, the Dirac equation, naturally explained quantum properties such as electron spin and magnetic moment. This equation expressed the electron’s wave function as a four-component spinor, thus solidifying the mathematical basis of the spin concept.

Only four years after Dirac’s prediction, in 1932, American physicist Carl Anderson observed traces of a particle similar to the electron, but with a positive charge, during experiments on cosmic rays. Anderson named this newly discovered particle the positron, thus providing experimental confirmation of Dirac’s prediction of antimatter. This discovery sparked a scientific revolution, profoundly impacting our understanding of the universe’s structure of matter and energy.

Pauli’s Exclusion Principle

In 1925, Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli introduced a groundbreaking principle to explain the complex structure of atoms and the energy levels of electrons within them. At that time, the internal structure of atoms and the arrangement of elements in the periodic table were not fully understood. Quantum mechanics fell short in explaining the behavior of electrons within atoms, and a deeper understanding was needed. Pauli formulated the Pauli exclusion principle by examining the energy levels of electrons in atoms and why these levels are filled in a specific way.

Quantum Field Theory and the Birth of QED

In the 1930s, physics was on the verge of taking a step closer to understanding the mysterious fabric of the universe. Quantum mechanics successfully explained the behaviour of subatomic particles, while the theory of special relativity described the behaviour of objects moving at high speeds. However, there was an inconsistency between these two theories. There was no consistent framework that could combine quantum mechanics with special relativity. To fill this gap, physicists developed a new approach known as quantum field theory.

In the 1940s, a new wave of discovery shook the world of physics. Geniuses such as Richard Feynman, Julian Schwinger, and Shinichiro Tomonaga embarked on a journey dedicated to unraveling the mysteries of one of nature’s fundamental forces, the electromagnetic force. As we know, electromagnetism governs the interaction between light and electrons. However, understanding this interaction on the quantum level, within the uncertain and extraordinary order of the subatomic world, was impossible. 

Feynman Diagrams and the Quantum Symphony

The Feynman diagrams developed by Richard Feynman provided a way to visualize these mysterious interactions. The diagrams transformed complex mathematical processes into maps that showed how electrons and photons are created and annihilated and how energy is transferred. Each line and arrow revealed how matter and light interact on a microscopic level. Feynman diagrams exposed the functioning of the quantum world like a symphony. This tool was a mathematical innovation and a journey of discovery that deepened our intuitions.

Quantum electrodynamics made predictions that were in extraordinary agreement with observations. From measurements of electrons’ magnetic moments to their interactions with photons, the predictions offered by quantum electrodynamics expanded our understanding of how nature operates. This remarkable agreement made quantum electrodynamics one of the most accurate theories in science. This success not only explains the electromagnetic force but also opens the door to understanding other fundamental forces within the framework of quantum field theory. The success of quantum electrodynamics also inspired the understanding of the strong and weak nuclear forces, leading to the birth of the standard model, the fundamental framework of particle physics.

The Bell Theorem and Testing Quantum Reality

The quantum electrodynamics debate between Einstein and Bohr raised whether quantum mechanics fully captured reality. Einstein argued that quantum mechanics was incomplete and that deeper, hidden variables must exist, while Bohr insisted that quantum mechanics accurately reflected the fundamental laws of nature. John Bell developed a mathematical framework, known as the Bell theorem, to address this essential issue. Bell formulated Bell inequalities, demonstrating that specific measurable statistical outcomes should follow if local hidden variables existed as Einstein suggested. These inequalities contradicted the predictions of quantum mechanics, making it possible to test experimentally which view was correct.

The End of an Era and the Beginning of a New Understanding

This concludes the revolution in quantum physics from 1895 until 1945. For those 50 years, physics transformed fundamentally. The years following were years of technological implementations and comprehension of those discoveries. The world went through the First and Second World Wars right after the American Revolution, and a new world was built. 

Spiritual Connections and the Second Coming

When quality changes occur in vast areas of science, quality changes occur in human minds. Great people like Maxwell, Tesla, Einstein, Bohr, and Planck were born to carry that change. The transformation in science was followed by a cultural and social revolution to establish the world we know now. 

Universal Consciousness and the Future of Science

Regarding particle entanglement, scientists have started to register it as a universal effect. It will require a couple of steps forward. First, it admits the existence of the aether, and second, it admits the universe’s consciousness. Currently, the most common physical understanding does not include the universal consciousness as a factor in particle interactions. Quantum physics is the next level of understanding the world. That requires revisiting many previous assumptions as it involves a novel structural thinking. For example, it first removes the time limitation, second adds factors such as internally connected events (entanglements), and third explains the reason for gravity, which is not based on material carriers but the first level of universal consciousness. 

That is where we as human beings will find our purpose and relevance to the world we are living in. Yes, Schrodinger was right, the light and the electrons have a dual nature as they are the entry substance of our world, but we were not correct for the protons (barions). Matter is built out of protons (barions), and space is constructed out of electrons (leptons). The photons form leptons, further leptons form barions, and all forms in the universe, discussed in the publication Origin of Matter. And yes, Bohr’s and Heisenberg’s Copenhagen interpretation that the quantum world depends on the observer is correct; the quantum world responds to the observer as it reflects the observer’s consciousness. It is all connected. And this effect becomes more prominent as the observer exists beyond the materialistic media. We discussed that in the six books on Quantum Mechanics by Kiril Chukanov for a deeper explanation. 

Peter Dunov and the Spiritual Enlightenment of an Epoch

A symbolic, visionary-style portrait of peter dunov (beinsa duno) radiating light, standing in a natural setting with cosmic and spiritual motifs in the sky—suggesting enlightenment and connection to universal consciousness.What else happened at this time that may have influenced how people think and brought those new ideas into science? A new spiritual figure appeared on the horizon of social and spiritual existence. Peter Dunov (Beinsa Duno) was born in July 1864 and completed his education in 1895. He started his spiritual path in 1897 shortly before he turned 33 (the so-called “age of Christ”). This is when he receives enlightenment from the invisible world about his mission on Earth.

Even Albert Einstein said once, “The whole world bows to me, but I bow to the Master Peter Dunov of Bulgaria.” So the boom of science, violence, and the change of the world order from 1895 to 1945 is directly related to the quality and quantity changes of all aspects of life at the beginning of the 20th century, influenced by the spiritual enlightenment of this epoch. As per the predictions of the spiritual books, it is around 2000 years after the first coming.

A Glimpse Into the Future

Further into our understanding of the fundamentals of the Universe about the quantum physics tools, there is a new interpretation of Relic Velocity, Nuclear energy vs. Quantum Energy, Cold Fusion vs. Super Densed Plasma, and how our energy production would transform over the next 10 years. We also learn how gravity is formed and how it can be compensated in a zero-gravity field. All those discussed in the six books of Quantum Mechanics by Kiril Chukanov are concerned with a deeper explanation. 

Conclusion: Science, Consciousness, and Human Destiny

In conclusion, the genius of a scientist comes from their connections to the Universal consciousness. Such connections can be natural or induced by the spiritual rise of human beings due to some ground-changing events. We have a lot of examples from history, such as Nostradamus, Leonardo da Vinci, Issak Newton, James Clerk Maxwell, Albert Einstein, Kiril Chukanov, etc. We should learn from their achievements and honor the ability of our head soul and mind to achieve the new level of science we deserve as human beings, and not use this science to kill each other in a meaningless war. 

Author:

George Stantchev

George Stantchev

Bulgarian scientist and innovator with Bachelor, Master and PhD degrees in Physics and Business. Founder and executive director of Chukanov Quantum Energy, Ltd. Author of multiple patents and papers in the field of quantum energy.